@article{Hahn_Richter_2016, title={Henkin semantics for reasoning with natural language}, volume={3}, url={https://jlm.ipipan.waw.pl/index.php/JLM/article/view/113}, DOI={10.15398/jlm.v3i2.113}, abstractNote={The frequency of intensional and non-first-order definable operators in natural languages constitutes a challenge for automated reasoning with the kind of logical translations that are deemed adequate by formal semanticists. Whereas linguists employ expressive higher-order logics in their theories of meaning, the most successful logical reasoning strategies with natural language to date rely on sophisticated first-order theorem provers and model builders. In order to bridge the fundamental mathematical gap between linguistic theory and computational practice, we present a general translation from a higher-order logic frequently employed in the linguistics literature, two-sorted Type Theory, to first-order logic under Henkin semantics. We investigate alternative formulations of the translation, discuss their properties, and evaluate the availability of linguistically relevant inferences with standard theorem provers in a test suite of inference problems stated in English. The results of the experiment indicate that translation from higher-order logic to first-order logic under Henkin semantics is a promising strategy for automated reasoning with natural languages.<br /><br /><span class="im">The paper is accompanied by the source code (cf. <a href="/index.php/JLM/article/view/113/122">SUPP. FILES</a>) of the </span>grammar and reasoning architecture described in the paper.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Language Modelling}, author={Hahn, Michael and Richter, Frank}, year={2016}, month={Feb.}, pages={513–568} }